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The kernel is the core of the FreeBSD operating system. It is responsible for managing memory, enforcing security controls, networking, disk access, and much more. While much of FreeBSD is dynamically configurable, it is still occasionally necessary to configure and compile a custom kernel. All of the commands listed in the examples in this chapter should be executed as root.

Traditionally, FreeBSD used a monolithic kernel. Today, most of the functionality in the FreeBSD kernel is contained in modules which can be dynamically loaded and unloaded from the kernel as necessary. This allows the running kernel to adapt immediately to new hardware and for new functionality to be brought into the kernel. This is known as a modular kernel. Occasionally, it is still necessary to perform static kernel configuration. Sometimes the needed functionality is so tied to the kernel that it can not be made dynamically loadable.

Some security environments prevent the loading and unloading of kernel modules and require that only needed functionality is statically compiled into the kernel. Building a custom kernel is often a rite of passage for advanced BSD users. This process, while time consuming, can provide benefits to the FreeBSD system. This has a number of benefits, such as:. Faster boot time. Since the kernel will only probe the hardware on the system, the time it takes the system to boot can decrease.

Lower memory usage. This is important because the kernel code remains resident in physical memory at all times, preventing that memory from being used by applications. For this reason, a custom kernel is useful on a system with a small amount of RAM. Additional hardware support. Before building a custom kernel, consider the reason for doing so. If there is a need for specific hardware support, it may already exist as a module.

Most kernel drivers have a loadable module and manual page. For example, the ath 4 wireless Ethernet driver has the following information in its manual page:. This is mostly true for certain subsystems. On a dual-boot system, the inventory can be created from the other operating system.

If FreeBSD is the only installed operating system, use dmesg 8 to determine the hardware that was found and listed during the boot probe. Most device drivers on FreeBSD have a manual page which lists the hardware supported by that driver. For example, the following lines indicate that the psm 4 driver found a mouse:. Since this hardware exists, this driver should not be removed from a custom kernel configuration file. Another tool for finding hardware is pciconf 8 , which provides more verbose output.

For example:. This output shows that the ath driver located a wireless Ethernet device. The -k flag of man 1 can be used to provide useful information. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages.

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Archived from the original on Retrieved Retrieved April 26, A Parallels, Inc. Also, SCSI support has not been implemented. It is currently unknown if these features have been abandoned altogether, or if they will show up in a later build of version 3.

Build , released on July 17, , [14] added an imaging tool which allowed users to add capacity to their virtual disks. Build , released on September 11, , [15] added some new features and updated some current features. Further, Parallels' Image Tool was updated to allow one to change their virtual hard disk format between plain and expanding.

Parallels Explorer was updated to allow for one to automatically mount an offline VM hard drive to the Mac desktop. Some new features added are iPhone support in Windows, allowing iTunes in Windows to sync with it. According to Parallels' Licensing page, Desktop for Mac version 3.

Parallels released the modified source code on July 2, , about 2 weeks after the promised release date. Version 4. Parallels Desktop 4. Starting with the Version 4. Build , released January 9, , [27] includes performance enhancements and features, such as DirectX 9.

Also included are usability features such as the ability to share Windows files by dragging them directly to a Mac application in the Mac Dock. Windows can now also automatically start in the background when a user opens a Windows application on the Mac desktop.

Officially released on November 4, , Parallels Desktop 5 adds several new features, mainly to improve integration with the host OS. Build , released on December 21, , added some new features. Officially announced on September 9, and launched on September 14, , Parallel 6 has full bit support for the first time. Officially announced on September 1, and released on September 6, , Parallels Desktop 7 adds many new features.

These include:. Officially announced August 22, and released September 4, , Parallels Desktop 8 adds many new features:. Officially announced on August 29, and released on September 5, , Parallels Desktop 9 for Mac includes these new features and enhancements:.

Less than a year after release of its release, Parallels spokesperson John Uppendahl confirmed version 10 will not be fully compatible with Windows The coherence mode, which integrates the Windows user interface with OS X, will not be updated and users will need to purchase and upgrade to version 11 to continue using this feature.

The website currently offers a full price upgrade to Version 13 as a correction, effectively making this version obsolete with the macOS upgrades. Released August 18, It is also the first solution to bring the upcoming Windows 10 People Bar feature to the Mac, including integration with the Mac Dock and Spotlight. The new version also features up to percent performance improvements for completing certain tasks. The update also brings in a slightly refreshed UI to better match macOS and visual improvements for Windows users on Retina displays.

Released August 11, On April 14, , Parallels updated the software to version